S-Phenyl benzothioate

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N-[4-(2-Propyn-1-yloxy)phenyl]-acetamide

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Pegembangan Game dengan Menggunakan Teknologi Voice Recognition Berbasis Android

The purpose of this research is to create a new kind of game by using technology that rarely used in current games. It is developed as an entertainment media and also a social media in which the users can play the games together via multiplayer mode. This research uses Scrum development method since it supports small scaled developer and it supports software increment along the development. Using this game application, the users can play and watch interesting animations by controlling it with their voice, listen the character imitating the users' voice, play various mini games both in single player or multiplayer mode via Bluetooth connection. The conclusion is that game application of My Name is Dug use voice recognition and inter-devices connection as its main features. It also has various mini games that support both single player and multiplayer

Pengolahan Limbah Pome (Palm Oil Mill Effluent) dengan Menggunakan Mikroalga

Along with increased produktivity of palm it will be followed increase in wastegenerated. Each palm mill wasted liquid waste known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME contains BOD and COD are very high, so it can inhibit the growth of microalgae in the POME. Therefore, comprehensive research is needed to find out a pretreatment step in lowering the content of BOD and COD in POME before being used as a medium for the growth and development of microalgae. Research POME waste water as a medium of growth and development of microalgae is specifically aimed at studying the treatment process of POME using wild microalgae. The procedure of mixing experiments conducted POME and microalgae erlemeyer fitinto the specified ratio. Research shows that pond IV POME waste can be used as growth wild mikrolga, so it can reduce the levels of BOD and COD of POME waste. Modifiers of variable are applied volume of POME ratio of the volume of microalgae and the amount of nutrients provided. Growth of microalgae with a ratio of 1:4 resulting in a reduction of BOD and COD at both the 61.66 ppm and 173.33 ppm from 110.6 ppm and 496.67 ppm. On the effect of nutrient giving C 120 ppm resulted in lower BOD and COD at the 65.33 ppm and 186.67 ppm, where as the effect giving nutrient N 40 resulted lower and COD reached 55.41 ppm and 158.33 ppm

Adaptation of Tef {Eragrostistef(Zucc) Trotter} Varieties for Early Maturing Types in Tigray

Tef is the most important and wider adaptable cereal crop in Ethiopia. The most limiting tef productions are low yielding cultivars, biotic such as pest and diseases and abiotic such as drought, fertility depletion and inappropriate agronomic practice and difficulty nature of tef for mechanization. The objective of the study was to evaluate the adaptability of early maturing tef varieties. Tef varieties were evaluated for their earliness and adaptability at three locations and over two years. The trial included 8 varieties and one local check with the design of RCBD in three replications. The analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference (P<-0.001) between genotypes and locations for the days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, panicle length, grain yield and (P<-0.05) for biomass yield. However, it does not provide evidence for interaction between the varieties and locations on all traits except for days to maturity. Simada was early maturing and well performing, following Boset. Therefore, cultivation of both varieties enhances the production of tef in the study areas and similar agro-ecologies. Allocation of varieties to their niche might increase the productivity of tef. In general, evaluation tef varieties in the right place and development of target variety for earliness and yield performance increase production in the region as well as the nation. Further work needed breeding to develop drought tolerant and higher yielding

Diagnosis and treatment of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis: literature review and case series

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics, microscopic findings, and treatment response to albendazole of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis among immunocompromised individuals with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: This is a retrospective case series. Diagnosis of microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis was confirmed by subspecialist examination and conjunctival swabs examined by light microscopy. HIV infection was documented, and absolute CD4+ T cell count was determined. Patients were treated with albendazole and followed for clinical response. RESULTS: Light microscopy from the conjunctival swabs demonstrated myriad small, round to oval microsporidial organisms that stained positively with modified acid-fast methods. Two of the patients initially not taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and presenting with an absolute CD4+ T cell count less than 100 cells/μL had a more severe form of keratoconjunctivitis than the third patient (receiving HAART, with a CD4+ T cell count of 259 cells/μL). All patients were started or continued on HAART. Two of the patients responded to oral albendazole, with resolution of symptoms and signs. The third patient did not initially respond, perhaps because of an immune recovery inflammatory syndrome, but subsequently had temporary improvement with albendazole. CONCLUSIONS: Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis is a rare ocular complication of HIV/AIDS. Light microscopic evaluation of conjunctival swabs may be a useful minimally invasive first step toward diagnosis of microsporidial keratoconjunctivis in settings where electron microscopy is not available. Based on the limited available information, albendazole often is effective for this condition, and is widely available in developing countries at low cost

A Decade-Long Change in the Elevational Distribution of Non-Volant Small Mammals on Mount Meru, Tanzania

Understanding species distribution across elevational gradients is crucial for developing conservation strategies for montane biotic systems. A survey of small mammals was conducted on Mount Meru at six elevations, ranging between 1500 m and 3650 m. A total of 803 small mammal individuals, including 2 shrew species and 13 rodent species, were documented. Of these, Crocidura newmarki and Lophuromys verhageni were endemic on Mount Meru. Species richness was highest at mid-elevations, which is in line with the global pattern for small mammals. Prior to our study, the most complete data on small mammals on Mount Meru was collected in 2009. Our study provides an opportunity to show how small mammal elevational distribution has changed, over the last decade. We found six species (Arvicanthis niloticus, Mastomys natalensis, Lemniscomys striatus, Dasymys incomtus, Cricetomys ansorgei, and Montemys delectorum), which were not documented in 2009, but did not find Otomys tropicalis. Interestingly, the community composition at higher elevations in 2021 resembles that at lower elevations in 2009, suggesting that small mammal species have moved their range upward over time. Climate change could be a factor associated with the distributional shift found

Phenoconversion from probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder to mild cognitive impairment to dementia in a population-based sample

© 2017 The Authors Introduction Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is strongly associated with synucleinopathies. In 2012, we reported an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Parkinson disease (PD) in cognitively normal Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents, aged 70 to 89 years with probable RBD. Here, we examine their progression to dementia and other neurodegenerative phenotypes. Methods Fifteen participants with RBD who were diagnosed with either MCI or PD were longitudinally followed, and their subsequent clinical courses were reviewed. Results Over 6.4 ± 2.9 years, six of the 14 participants with MCI developed additional neurodegenerative signs, five of whom had Lewy body disease features. Four of them progressed to dementia at a mean age 84.8 ± 4.9 years, three of whom met the criteria for probable dementia with Lewy bodies. One subject with PD developed MCI, but not dementia. Discussion Our findings from the population-based sample of Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents suggest that a substantial number of RBD patients tend to develop overt synucleinopathy features over time, and RBD patients who develop MCI and subsequent dementia have clinical features most consistent with dementia with Lewy bodies

Tingkat Dukungan Domestik Untuk Sektor Pertanian Indonesia

EnglishThere is common perception that domestic support to agriculture in Indonesia is relatively small. Therefore, the level, composition, and trend of support to agriculture require an in-depth analysis. Some types of commonly used indicators on support to agriculture are Producer Support Estimate (PSE), Total Support Estimate (TSE), andGeneral Services Support Estimate (GSSE). These indicators are analyzed for Indonesian agriculture covering the period of 1995–2014, and consist of 15 commodities. The PSE estimate indicates an increasing trend from 3.9% in 1995–1997 to 20.6% in 2012–2014. In 2012–2014 the PSE of Indonesian agriculture was slightly higher than that of China (19.2%) but larger compared to that of OECD average (17.9%). TheTSE estimate (% to GDP) significantly increased from 0.8% in 1995–1997 to 3.6% in 2012–2014. In 2012–2014 the TSE of agriculture in Indonesia was the largest. Agricultural support in term of market price support has caused an increased price at the consumer level which ultimately reduces food nutrition intake. In the long run, more effective policy is to promote agricultural production and productivity through innovation, investment on infrastructures, and easing private sector investment. The largest part of government budget is spent on fertilizer subsidy which proportionately benefits large-scale farmers and fertilizer industry. More efficient scheme is to convert this subsidy into direct payment targeted to small-scale farmer.IndonesiaSelama ini ada anggapan umum bahwa dukungan domestik (domestic supports) terhadap sektor pertanian Indonesia masih relatif rendah. Sehubungan itu, besaran dan komposisi dukungan serta bagaimana Perubahannya antarwaktu, perlu dianalisis dengan seksama. Beberapa indikator yang biasa digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat dukungan tersebut adalah Producer Support Estimate (PSE), Total Support Estimate (TSE), dan (General Services Support Estimate (GSSE). Berbagai indikator tersebut telah dianalisis untuk sektor pertanian Indonesia meliputi periode tahun 1995–2014 dan mencakup 15 komoditas. Nilai PSE menunjukkan tren peningkatan dari 3,9% tahun 1995–1997 menjadi 20,6% tahun 2012–2014. Pada tahun 2012–2014 nilai PSE sektor pertanian Indonesia sedikit lebih tinggi dari Tiongkok (19,2%), namun lebih tinggi dari negara-negara OECD (17,9%). Nilai TSE sektor pertanian Indonesia (% terhadap PDB) meningkat secara signifikan dari 0,8% tahun 1995–1997 menjadi 3,6% tahun 2012–2014. Pada tahun 2012–2014 nilai TSE Indonesia adalah yang tertinggi. Hasil analisis ini menolak anggapan umum bahwa perhatian pemerintah terhadap sektor pertanian relatif kurang. Dukungan terhadap sektor pertanian dalam bentuk perlindungan harga akan berdampak pada peningkatan harga pangan di tingkat konsumen yang pada akhirnya menurunkan asupan gizi masyarakat. Dalam jangka panjang, prioritas kebijakan yang lebih efektif adalah peningkatan produksi dan produktivitas melalui sistem inovasi, pembangunan infrastruktur, dan mempermudah investasi swasta. Sebagian besar transfer anggaran pemerintah untuk sektor pertanian adalah subsidi pupuk yang secara kumulatif lebih banyak dinikmati oleh para petani luas dan produsen pupuk. Skema yang lebih efisien adalah mengonversi subsidi tersebut ke dalam sistem transfer pendapatan dan dibatasi hanya untuk petani kecil

Gene expression profiles classifying clinical stages of tuberculosis and monitoring treatment responses in Ethiopian HIV-negative and HIV-positive cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Validation of previously identified candidate biomarkers and identification of additional candidate gene expression profiles to facilitate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) disease and monitoring treatment responses in the Ethiopian context is vital for improving TB control in the future. METHODS: Expression levels of 105 immune-related genes were determined in the blood of 80 HIV-negative study participants composed of 40 active TB cases, 20 latent TB infected individuals with positive tuberculin skin test (TST+), and 20 healthy controls with no Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection (TST-), using focused gene expression profiling by dual-color Reverse-Transcription Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification assay. Gene expression levels were also measured six months after anti-TB treatment (ATT) and follow-up in 38 TB patients. RESULTS: The expression of 15 host genes in TB patients could accurately discriminate between TB cases versus both TST+ and TST- controls at baseline and thus holds promise as biomarker signature to classify active TB disease versus latent TB infection in an Ethiopian setting. Interestingly, the expression levels of most genes that markedly discriminated between TB cases versus TST+ or TST- controls did not normalize following completion of ATT therapy at 6 months (except for PTPRCv1, FCGR1A, GZMB, CASP8 and GNLY) but had only fully normalized at the 18 months follow-up time point. Of note, network analysis comparing TB-associated host genes identified in the current HIV-negative TB cohort to TB-associated genes identified in our previously published Ethiopian HIV-positive TB cohort, revealed an over-representation of pattern recognition receptors including TLR2 and TLR4 in the HIV-positive cohort which was not seen in the HIV-negative cohort. Moreover, using ROC cutoff ≥ 0.80, FCGR1A was the only marker with classifying potential between TB infection and TB disease regardless of HIV status. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that complex gene expression signatures are required to measure blood transcriptomic responses during and after successful ATT to fully diagnose TB disease and characterise drug-induced relapse-free cure, combining genes which resolve completely during the 6-months treatment phase of therapy with genes that only fully return to normal levels during the post-treatment resolution phase